Grazing for Fuel Reduction and Resilience in Forested Ecosystems: Research Synthesis

Agee, James K., and Carl N. Skinner. 2005. “Basic Principles of Forest Fuel Reduction Treatments.” Forest Ecology and Management, Relative Risk Assessments for Decision–Making Related to Uncharacteristic Wildfire. 211 (1): 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.034.

 Agourdis, Carmen T., Stephen R. Workman, Richard C. Warner, and Gregory D. Jennings. 2007. “Livestock Grazing Management Impacts on Stream Water Quality: A Review.” Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41 (3): 591–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03757.x. 

Bailey, Derek W., Jeffrey C. Mosely, Richard E. Estell, Andres F. Cibils, Marc Horney, John. R. Hendrickson, John W. Walker, Karen L. Launchbaugh, and Elizabeth A. Burritt. 2019. “Synthesis Paper: Targeted Livestock Grazing: Prescription for Healthy Rangelands.” Rangeland Ecology and Management 72 (6): 865–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2019.06.003. 

Bailey, Derek W., and Joel R. Brown. 2011. “Rotational Grazing Systems and Livestock Grazing Behavior in Shrub-Dominated Semi-Arid and Arid Rangelands.” Rangeland Ecology and Management 64 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-09-00184.1. 

Belsky, A. Joy, A. Matzke, and S. Uselman. 1999. “Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western United States.” Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54 (1): 419–31. https://arc.lib.montana.edu/range-science/item/125.

Belsky, A. Joy, and Dana M. Blumenthal. 1997. “Effects of Livestock Grazing on Stand Dynamics and Soils in Upland Forests of the Interior West.” Conservation Biology 11 (2): 315–27. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523 1739.1997.95405.x. 

Bernal, Alexis A., Scott L. Stephens, Brandon M. Collins, and John J. Battles. 2022. “Biomass Stocks in California’s Fire-Prone Forests: Mismatch in Ecology and Policy.” Environmental Research Letters 17 (4): 044047. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac576a. 

Borman, Michael M. 2005. “Forest Stand Dynamics and Livestock Grazing in Historical Context.” Conservation Biology 19 (5): 1658–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00115.x. 

Cipriotti, Pablo A., Martín R. Aguiar, Thorsten Wiegand, and José M. Paruelo. 2019. “Combined Effects of Grazing Management and Climate on Semi-Arid Steppes: Hysteresis Dynamics Prevent Recovery of Degraded Rangelands.” Journal of Applied Ecology 56 (9): 2155 65. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13471. 

Doescher, Paul S., Steven D. Tesch, and William E. Drewien. 1989. Water relations and growth of conifer seedlings during three years of cattle grazing on a southwestern Oregon plantation. Northwest Science63:232-240. 

Donovan, Victoria M., Caleb P. Roberts, Dillon T. Fogarty, David A. Wedin, and Dirac Twidwell. 2022. “Targeted Grazing and Mechanical Thinning Enhance Forest Stand Resilience Under a Narrow Range of Wildfire Scenarios.” Ecosphere 13 (5): e4061. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.4061. 

Frost, Rachel A., and Karen L. Launchbaugh. 2003. “Prescription Grazing for Rangeland Weed Management.” Rangelands 25 (6): 43–47. George, M., R. Larsen, N. McDougald, K. Tate, J. Gerlach, and K. Fulgham. 2004. “Cattle Grazing Has Varying Impacts on Stream-Channel Erosion in Oak Woodlands.” California Agriculture 58 (3): 138–143. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v058n03p138. 

Green L.R., C.L. Hughes, and W.L. Graves. 1982. “Goats control of brush regrowth on Southern California fuel breaks.” First International Rangeland Congress. 14–18 August, Denver CO: 451–5. 

Grelman, Harley L. 1988. "Sheep grazing in conifer plantations." Rangelands 10 (3): 99–101. Grupenhoff, Ashley, and Nicole Molinari. Preprint 2021. “Plant Community Response to Fuel Break and Goat Grazing in Southern California.” Fire Ecology. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-185028/v1. 

HilleRisLambers, Janneke, Stephanie G. Yelenik, Benjamin P. Coulman, and Jonathan M. Levine. 2010. “California Annual Grass Invaders: The Drivers or Passengers of Change?” Journal of Ecology 98 (5): 1147 56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01706.x. Huntsinger, Lynn, and Sheila Barry. 2021. “Grazing in California’s Mediterranean Multi-Firescapes.” Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 5 (715366): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.715366. 

Ingram, Roger, Cole Bush, Rosie Busch, Marie Hoff, Ryan Indart, Beth Reynolds, Rob Rutherford, Andree Soares, and Bianca Soares. 2022. “Targeted Grazing Survey Report to California Wool Growers Association”. March 2022. Produced for the California Wool Growers Association. http://californiawoolgrowers.org/wp content/uploads/2022/03/2022-Targeted-Grazing Survey-Report-CWGA-Final.pdf.

 Jackson, R.D., B. Allen-Diaz, B., L.G. Oates, K.W. Tate. 2006. “Spring-water Nitrate Increased with Removal of Livestock Grazing in a California Oak Savanna.” Ecosystems 9: 254–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0166-7. 

Krausman, Paul R., David E. Naugle, Michael R. Frisina, Rick Northrup, Vernon C. Bleich, William M. Block, Mark C. Wallace, and Jeffrey D. Wright. 2009. “Livestock Grazing, Wildlife Habitat, and Rangeland Values.” Rangelands 31 (5): 15–19. 

Lai, Liming, and Sandeep Kumar. 2020. “A Global Meta Analysis of Livestock Grazing Impacts on Soil Properties.” PLoS ONE 15 (8): e0236638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236638. 

Launchbaugh, Karen, and John Walker. 2006. "Targeted Grazing—A New Paradigm for Livestock Management." Pp. 2–9 in: K. 

Launchbaugh, J. Walker, and R. Daines (eds) Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement. Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association. Leininger, Wayne C., and Steven H. Sharrow. 1989. “Seasonal Browsing of Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Sheep.” Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4 (3): 73–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.3.73. 

Marchetto, Katherine M., Tiffany M. Wolf, and Daniel J. Larkin. 2021. “The effectiveness of using targeted grazing for vegetation management: a meta-analysis.” Restoration Ecology 29, no 5: e13422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13422.

Jason J. Moghaddas¹, Gary B. Roller¹, Jonathan W. Long4 , David S. Saah1 , Max A. Moritz³, Dan T. Stark³, David A. Schmidt¹, Thomas Buchholz¹, Travis J. Freed¹, Erin C. Alvey¹, John S. Gunn². 2018. "Fuel Treatment for Forest Resilience and Climate Mitigation: A Critical Review for Coniferous Forests of California." California Natural Resources Agency. Publication number: CCCA4-CNRA 2018-017.

Nader, Glenn, Zalmen Henkin, Ed Smith, Roger Ingram, and Nelmy Narvaez. 2007. “Planned Herbivory in the Management of Wildfire Fuels: Grazing Is Most Effective at Treating Smaller Diameter Live Fuels That Can Greatly Impact the Rate of Spread of a Fire along with the Flame Height.” Rangelands 29 (5): 18–24. https://doi.org/10.2111/1551 501X(2007)29[18:PHITMO]2.0.CO;2.

North, Malcolm P., Ryan E. Tompkins, Alexis A. Bernal, Brandon M. Collins, Scott L. Stephens, and Robert A. York. 2022. “Operational Resilience in Western US Frequent-Fire Forests.” Forest Ecology and Management 507 (March): 120004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.120004.

Ralphs, Michael H., M. Mort Kothmann, and Charles A. Taylor. 1990. “Vegetation Response to Increased Stocking Rates in Short-Duration Grazing.” Journal of Range Management 43 (2): 104–8.

Rouet-Leduc, Julia, Guy Pe'er, Francisco Moreira, Aletta Bonn, Wouter Helmer, Shahin A. A. Shahsavan Zadeh, Alexander Zizka, and Fons van der Plas. 2021. “Effects of Large Herbivores on Fire Regimes and Wildfire Mitigation.” Journal of Applied Ecology 58 (12): 2690 2702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13972.

Seligman, N.G., and A. Perevolotsky. 1994. “Has intensive grazing by domestic livestock degraded Mediterranean Basin rangelands?” Pp. 93–103 in: Arianoutsou, M., Groves, R.H. (eds) Plant-animal interactions in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 31. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0908-6_9

Sharrow, Steven. 2006. "Applying targeted grazing to coniferous forest management in western North America." Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement. Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association. p: 90–9.

Stephens, Scott L. Stephens, Jason J. Moghaddas, Carl Edminster, Carl E. Fiedler, Sally Haase, Michael Harrington, Jon E. Keeley, Eric E. Knapp, James D. McIver, Kerry Metlen, Carl N. Skinner, Andrew Youngblood. 2009. “Fire Treatment Effects on Vegetation Structure, Fuels, and Potential Fire Severity in Western U.S. Forests.” Ecological Applications 19 (2): 305–20. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1755.1.

Stevens, Jens T., Hugh D. Safford, and Andrew M. Latimer. 2014. “Wildfire-Contingent Effects of Fuel Treatments Can Promote Ecological Resilience in Seasonally Dry Conifer Forests.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44 (8): 843–54. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0460.

Taylor Jr., Charles A. 2006. "Targeted grazing to manage fire risk." Pp. 107–12 in: K. Launchbaugh and J. Walker, (eds) Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement. Centennial, CO: American Sheep Industry Association.

Tsiouvaras, C.N., N.A. Havlik, and J.W. Bartolome. 1989. “Effects of Goats on Understory Vegetation and Fire Hazard Reduction in a Coastal Forest in California.” Forest Science 35 (4): 1125–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/35.4.1125.

Voeller, D.J., Brannon J. Ketcham, and Benjamin H. Becker. 2021. “Improved Microbial Water Quality Associated with Best Management Practices on Coastal Dairies and Livestock Grazing Operations.” Rangeland Ecology and Management 76: 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.02.011.

Walker, B., and D. Salt 2006. “Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Washington, DC: Island Press. 192 p.

Winford, Eric M., Jen T. Stevens, and Hugh Safford. 2015. “Effects of Fuel Treatments on California Mixed-Conifer Forests.” California Agriculture 69 (3). https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v069n03p150.